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Laptop Keyboard Repair

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Laptop keyboard repair is one of the more common jobs performed on laptops, it's also one of the easier repairs to carry out providing the following hasn't happened. A spill of anything but water on a keyboard will 9 times out of 10 leave you in a situation that involves replacing the keyboard all together.  Keyboards are manufactured in such a way that leaves little to no room to clean out messy spills. Basically any liquid containing sugar (soft drinks, beer, wine, coffee or tea) are bad news... A couple of laptop keyboard repair do’s and don’ts in the event of a spill.. DON’T  panic. Panic makes us do stupid things, think before you react. DON’T  use a hairdryer to dry out a spill...melted keys are hard to type with. DON’T  tilt the machine upside down or on its side (if you do feel the need it's better to tilt it to the side that houses the CDROM as the CDROM area inside the machine has less components on it than the mainboard). DO  switch the machine off im...
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IPv4 and IPv6 Addressing

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As the Internet is a network of networks, addressing, is particularly important. This section provides an initial overview of the addressing problems through the first generation IP protocol IPv4 and IPv6 new generation.Internet machines have an IPv4 address represented on a 32-bit integer. The address consists of two parts: a network identifier and an identifier of the machine to the network. There are four classes of addresses, each for encoding a different number of networks and machines: • Class A: 128 networks and 16,777,216 hosts (7 bits for networks and 24 for hosts); • Class B: 16,384 networks and 65,535 hosts (14 bit and 16 for networks for hosts); • Class C: 2,097,152 networks and 256 hosts (21 bits for networks and 8 for hosts); • Class D: group addresses (28 bits for the hosts belonging to the same group). These addresses are detailed in Figure.   The IP addresses were defined to be processed quickly. Rou...
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Media and Topologies

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NETWORK TOPOLOGIES A logical topology depicts the route the signal takes on the network. A physical topology depicts how network devices are connected physically, the cabling. The 4 diagrams below represent the four topologies: Bus - Devices in a bus topology are connected to a central cable. In this type of network, both cable ends must be terminated. A defective cable segment, and changes and additions can affect the entire network. Star - Devices in a star topology are connected through a central hub. In this type of network, new nodes can be easily added making it easy to expand. Multiple connected star networks can form a large star or hierarchical topology. Th...
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